Addiction and Evolutionary Process, Common Aspects in Physio-Pathologic Pathways Useful in Pharmaco- Toxicological Approach
Journal Title: Online Journal of Neurology and Brain Disorders - Year 2019, Vol 2, Issue 3
Abstract
Observing vertebrates evolutionary in mammalian are present characteristic pathways involved in progeny take care in first period after birth. In this behavior and instinct, learning neuronal circuits are evolved and reward mechanism the same. In addiction is possible to observe that definite neuronal circuits plays a crucial role. In this work are showed this similarity to better understand the addiction condition. Reward mechanism (primary, intrinsic or extrinsic) are involved in food, reproductive- sexual activity but also in other human condition. Conditioning, reinforce, reward, learning behavior, depression status, level of motivations is common concept involved also in addiction. Starting from the evolutionary of vertebrates is possible to verify that mammalians vs reptile in example show a great characteristic in cooperative behavior, maternal instinct, high mother depending of progeny and other relevant aspects. So is clear that this kind of vertebrates show a great depending relationship between mother-progeny and we can say that this kind of “animals species” are under a high constraint under an (behavioral, instinct, psychology, neurological aspect). (Anatomically are involved cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus but also other system like amygdala) Dopaminergic- Mesolimbic pathway in example Dopamine is involved in many physiological functions like emotion, pleasure, movement (extrapyramidal), Breast feeding, involved in depression or schizophrenia, prolactin regulation, nausea and vomiting and other. Other molecules involved in “happiness”: dopamine, serotonin, endorfin and oxytocin. (oxytocin: role in mother-infant relations, attachment, and bonding in humans). Neuronal circuits of rewards, dopaminergic, glutaminergic, gabaergic (circuits play a relevant role in this mechanism. Breastfeed imply a prolactin and dopaminergic involvement as well as oxytocin and is an evolutionary advantages towards other vertebrates. Viviparous, Parental care of progeny, breast feed, communication abilities between individuals, associative learning, emotional control are common properties of mammalians like emotional, social behavior. (hierarchy, communication to other member of the group of danger and so on).
Authors and Affiliations
Luisetto M, Naseer Almukhtar, Ghulam Rasool Mashori, Behzad Nili Ahmadabadi, Ram Kumar Sahu
Keywords
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- EP ID EP603500
- DOI 10.32474/OJNBD.2019.02.000140
- Views 89
- Downloads 0
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