Antibiotic Classes and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Selected Poultry; A Mini Review.
Journal Title: World's Veterinary Journal - Year 2015, Vol 5, Issue 3
Abstract
Antibiotics are drugs that kill (bactericidal) or slow (bacteriostatic) the growth of bacteria. Broad-spectrum antibiotics treat a wide range of infections, while narrow- spectrum antibiotics are effective against only a few types of bacteria. Antibiotics are very essential in the treatment of human and animal infections caused by bacteria. They are also important for the prevention of secondary infections. Despite the importance of antibiotics, their uses have received much criticism from the consumers, responsible stakeholders and policy makers. Antibiotics have evolved over the years with relatively unprecedented resistant patterns. Various classes of antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines and many more have also evolved. For instance cephalosporins have evolved from first generation to the fifth generation. These antibiotic groups use different mechanisms in combating bacteria. These mechanisms include disrupting the formation of bacteria cell wall (penicillins, cephalosporins), interfering with the synthesis of bacteria DNA (fluoroquinolones), inhibiting the bacterial protein synthesis (tetracycline) and destroying protein synthesis (macrolides, aminoglycosides). Bacterial isolates from poultry exhibit different resistance patterns. At times the resistance patterns may be the same or similar among bacterial isolates. The differences in resistance patterns are widely due to factors which include differences in geographical locations, particular bacteria species involved, the animal production systems, the extent to which antibiotics are used, sampling techniques and period of sampling.
Insight into the Virulence-Related Genes of Edwardsiella Tarda Isolated from Cultured Freshwater Fish in Egypt.
One of the most serious fish pathogens infecting both cultured and wild fish species was found to be Edwardsiella tarda which contains important virulence factors that enhance bacterial survival and pathogenesis in hosts...
Micronucleus as a Biomarker of Genotoxicity in Village Weaver Bird (Ploceus cucullatus)
Environmental impact assessment studies highlight the harmful effect of toxicants such as pesticides, heavy metals and industrial wastes on target and non-target species including birds. The effect of toxicant exposure o...
Identification and Characterization of Virulence-Associated Genes from Pathogenic Aeromonas Hydrophila Strains.
Aeromonas hydrophila is a freshwater, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that exists frequently in aquatic environments producing disease, not only to fish but also to human c...
Prevalence of Cysticercus Tenuicollis in Small Ruminants Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir, Ethiopia.
Parasitic diseases in general and Cysticercus tenuicollis in particular are responsible for the low productivity of livestock. A study to determine the prevalence of C. tenuicollis in sheep and goats at Addis Ababa abatt...
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Tetanus in Female Buffalo Calf at Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.
A female buffalo calf with wound on left leg just below the knee joint suffering from high and persistent fever, anorexia, difficult mastication and urination, stiffness in neck muscle and with some degree of bloat was b...