Application of the Adobe Photoshop Software Package in Leaf Blade Area Measurement of Woody Plants
Journal Title: Lesnoy Zhurnal (Russian Forestry Journal) - Year 2021, Vol 6, Issue 5
Abstract
Mechanical properties are crucial in assessing the paper quality. Deformation and strength properties of paper are determined by the strength and stiffness of the interfiber and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The contribution ratio of interfiber and intermolecular hydrogen bonds to the strength of paper can be changed by adjusting the degree of its anisotropy. The article presents the results on a study of the deformation properties of laboratory anisotropic paper samples from kraft bleached softwood pulp with a beating degree of 30 °SR. The samples had basic weight of 90 g/m2 and the degree of stiffness anisotropy TSIMD/CD of 1.75–4.08. They were made by using Techpap SAS automatic dynamic handsheet former (Grenoble, France), with varying forming parameters – diameter of the nozzle, motion speed of the forming wire, and injecting speed of pulp. Deformation properties were determined by tensile test and processing of the stress-strain dependence (σ−ε). The outcomes have shown that, an increase of the fiber orientation degree in paper structure by changing the forming parameters caused a change in the nature of the paper deformation under tension. Increasing the fiber orientation degree in the structure of paper made it possible to increase the strength by 55 %, tensile stiffness by 63 % in the machine direction, while reducing the extensibility by 10 %. In the cross direction, it was possible to decrease tensile stiffness by 33 %, strength by 55 %, and increase the extensibility by 5 %. Anisotropy of tensile strength was 1.73–6.00. The greatest effect was obtained for the elasticity modulus in the pre-failure zone E2 (2.8–38.6). It means that, fiber orientation had a key importance when large deformations in the samples took place. The established quantitative regularities allowed optimizing the values of the deformation and strength properties of paper, and their ratio in the machine direction and cross direction due to the variation of the forming parameters.
Authors and Affiliations
Ramis N. Babaev, Postgraduate Student; ResearcherID: ABE-8753-2020, ORCID: https://orcid. org/0000-0003-1604-5505
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP697385
- DOI 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-174-184
- Views 122
- Downloads 0
Numerical Study of the Stress-Strain State of a Modified Wooden Beam
Preservation of wooden architecture monuments requires special attention since during their operation for 100 years and more wooden structures are exposed to environmental influences resulting in weakening their bearing...
Improving the Technological Cycle of Microclonal Propagation of Rubus chamaemorus L.
The results of the study of the microclonal propagation of the cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) of the Leningradskaya and Kondinskaya forms at the stages of microclonal propagation itself and rooting of microshoots in i...
Growth Dynamics and Status Assessment of Scots Pine Crops on Reedgrass Meadow Cuts by Remote Sensing Techniques
Well-timed and high-quality artificial reforestation is one of the main factors of sustainable forest management. Efficient forest stand formation is influenced by the right choice of the reforestation method and efficie...
Assessment of Urban Forest Biological Productivity (Case Study of the Voronezh Upland Oak Forest)
Fast-paced rates of urbanization reduce the area of forestlands. As a result, the volumes of photosynthesis, metabolic processes, oxygen production, carbon deposition and other processes are decreasing. All of this gives...
Dendrochronological Studies of Wood at Historically Significant Sites of the Arctic
Studies of wood in the Arctic were carried out on Vaygach Island, Hooker Island (Franz Joseph Land) and Novaya Zemlya. During the expedition “Arctic Floating University – 2013”, wood samples (cores) were taken from the b...