Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: From Origin To Application.
Journal Title: International Journal of Dental Science and Innovative Research (IJDSIR) - Year 2019, Vol 2, Issue 3
Abstract
Introduction :Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the family of ligands which belong to the transforming growth factor ß superfamily. BMPs are the inherent component of the extracellular matrix which are osteoinductive in nature.Apart from osteoinduction, they are responsible for differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of various cell lineages, thereby playing a role in the homeostasis of vital organs like kidney, heart etc.1 Synonyms:Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs), Growth Differentiating Factors, Osteogenic proteins (OPs), Osteogenin, Vg-related (Vgr). History:BMPs are known to induce bone formation in both vertebrates and in vertebrates. Their discovery can be dated back to 1889, in which Senn revealed that the aseptic bone cavities can be healed with the help of decalcified bone.2 In 1930’s, Levander proved that crude alcohol extracts of bone lead to the new bone formation when injected into muscle tissue. In 1961, Sharrard and Collins reported that the use of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) in combination with decalcified allograft bone can be used for spinal fusion in children. 3 In 1965, Marshall R. Urist reported that the implantation of demineralized bone matrix into the muscular tissues induces formation of cartilage and bone tissues with bone marrow in the injected site. The factor(s) responsible for this bone formation was named as “bone morphogenetic protein,” as its activity was dissolved by digestion with trypsin, a natural protease.4 Furthermore, the identification of BMPs mode of action was revealed by Wang and colleagues through the isolation of BMP from extracts of bovine bone in the form of single gel band followed by sequencing the peptide chain obtained from the digestion of the band by trypsin. Later, Wozney et.al did a study and cloned the cDNAs for human BMP-1 through BMP-4 using the peptide sequence information obtained from wang et.al. 5 With time, various scientists found the coding sequences of other BMPs were cloned based on amino acid homology sequence. (Celeste et al. 1990; Ozkaynak et al. 1990; Sampath et al. 1990).6 Breakthrough was the first human clinical trial for BMP which was conducted in 1992. In this study, the subjects had non-union fractures that did not heal for 9 months. The devices used to demonstrate healing - BMP-7 protein embedded on a collagen matrix (Stryker), BMP-2 protein embedded in collagen (Genetics institute). The final landmark is the FDA approval in 2002 for OP-1 /BMP-7 for long bone defects and BMP-2 in a collagen carrier within a cage for anterior lumbar inter-body fusions.
Authors and Affiliations
Dr. Esha Tanwar
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