Effects and Mechanisms of Checkpoint Inhibitors (CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 Inhibitors) as New Immunotherapeutic Agents for Bladder Cancer
Journal Title: Üroonkoloji Bülteni - Year 2018, Vol 17, Issue 1
Abstract
Since intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) began to be used for bladder cancer, our understanding of the importance of immune mechanisms in bladder cancer has steadily grown. With developments in immunotherapy in recent years, the use of new immunotherapeutic agents for bladder cancer, especially chemotherapy-resistant invasive and metastatic cancers, has opened the way for research in this area. Of these new therapeutic agents, this article reviews studies published on PubMed or listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website as of December 2017 regarding the effects and mechanisms of action of checkpoint inhibitors [cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated protein-4, programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand inhibitors] on bladder cancer. Because checkpoint inhibitors were first used for chemotherapy-resistant bladder cancer after identification of positive expression in tumor cells and especially in tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells, significant objective response rates and survival advantages have been reported. Research continues regarding the use of these agents as first- and second-line treatment for metastatic disease in combination with chemotherapy; their efficacy in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and bladder-preserving approaches to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) disease, and their use in non-muscle-invasize bladder cancer (NMIBC), especially BCG-refractory disease. Depending on the results of these ongoing studies, immunotherapy may direct the treatment of bladder cancer in the future.
Authors and Affiliations
Serdar Çelik, Zekiye Sultan Altun, Safiye Aktaş
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP379705
- DOI 10.4274/uob.947
- Views 103
- Downloads 0
Prostate and Bladder Metastases of Malignant Melanoma: Case Report
Prostate or bladder metastases of malignant melanoma (MM) are rarely encountered in clinical practice. To our knowledge, coexistence of prostate and bladder metastasis of MM has not been reported to date. We present the...
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of MicroRNA-21 in Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Tumors
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the commonly diagnosed urological cancers that causes human death, ranked as the seventh most common cancer worldwide. To date, no reliable diagnostic tool has been defined to recognize non-...
Incidentally Found Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma: Case Report
Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) constitute 7% of all RMS. Paratesticular RMS are malignant tumors and although many of them are seen in children and adolescents, 24% of them are seen in adults. A patient in the ol...
Effects and Mechanisms of Checkpoint Inhibitors (CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 Inhibitors) as New Immunotherapeutic Agents for Bladder Cancer
Since intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) began to be used for bladder cancer, our understanding of the importance of immune mechanisms in bladder cancer has steadily grown. With developments in immunotherapy in...
Nuclear Medicine Applications in Diagnosis of Urological Tumors
Except for prostate carcinoma, there is limited data in the literature on the role of nuclear imaging methods in the management of urological cancers. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomograp...