Fast and Accurate Electrochemical Measurement of Total Antioxidant Capacity as an Alternative to Spectro photometrical Methods
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 11, Issue 2
Abstract
Total Antioxidant Capacity or TAC is an indicator of the sample ability to scavenge free radicals despite its complex composition. It has been measured in biological fluids as an inverse biomarker of oxidative stress, which has been related to disease. Classical spectrophotometric methods present some limitations including sample pretreatment required leading to long assay procedures, native pH alteration, low stability of some reagents, high detection limits, low sensitivity and sample’s colour interference. Various electrochemical techniques have raised as more precise alternatives that overcome most of the limitations in classical methodologies and have been gaining popularity specially for food and beverage analysis. In this mini review, an electrochemical measurement of antioxidant capacity with applications in vitro and in vivo is presented.Antioxidants are compounds that neutralize free radicals, very toxic by-products of cell metabolism, and so preventing the damage that they cause. This ability, which is usually referred to as total antioxidant capacity or TAC, depends on different parameters, for example, antioxidant concentration, molecular weight and the synergies among them [1]. The antioxidant capacity is an increasingly interesting biomarker since it is inversely proportional to oxidative stress. Classic Methods: With the aim of determining the TAC of a sample, more than 25 assays have been developed until date [2]. They can be classified into direct (when a free radical is used) or indirect (if the reaction does not involve a free radical) [3]. In general, the basis of these assays is to put the sample in contact with a compound, which absorbs at a specific wavelength either in its oxidized or reduced form. Then, a measure of the absorbance gives the amount of the compound reduced by the sample. This antioxidant capacity is typically referred to the concentration of a model antioxidant like Trolox, gallic acid or ascorbic acid giving the following units: TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity), GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalents) or CEAC (Vitamin C Equivalents Antioxidant Capacity). However, while many methods have been described, they still present some limitations. Firstly, the pH, solvents and temperatures set for the assay are usually different from the native conditions of the sample, and so antioxidant capacity may be affected [4]. Secondly, the size and complexity of the indicator affect the binding ability of the antioxidants, and so the larger and complex the indicator compound is, the higher the probability of underestimating the sample’s TAC [5]. In addition, some key antioxidants cannot be measured with some of the classic techniques, like glutathione [6]. Finally, the combination of all the factors mentioned above, make antioxidant capacity obtained with the different methodologies not comparable among them, even if they were measured with the same units [7].
Authors and Affiliations
Susana Rey, Esther Gómez, Henar Muñoz Cimadevilla, David Hevia
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP592352
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002069
- Views 153
- Downloads 0
Contrasting Findings on Melatonin Concerning Inflammation and Glucose Tolerance - Consequences to the Development of Melatonergic Drugs
The pleiotropy of melatonin is a reason for using this hormone or synthetic melatonergic agonists for testing their suitability in various diseases and disorders. However, it is important to remain aware that many precli...
Initial Electrochemical Activity of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Surface Exposed to Simulated Body Fluid by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
This study applies scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in feedback mode to monitor the initial activity of AZ31 magnesium alloy surface, exposed to simulated body fluid (SBF). The alloy surface suffers a degradati...
What Is Happening to Medicine
What is happening to medicine? Are the dictums of Standard of Care outweighing the needs of those who are to be served? I think so. Take, for instance, the screening recommendations for prostate cancer. The USPSTF conclu...
Evaluation of The Utilization of Parenteral Preparations for Fluid, Electrolyte and Nutrition Management in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Southeast Nigeria
Background: In this era of ongoing identification and analysis of medical errors, fluid and electrolyte management has trailed behind the medical decisions that have immediate obvious adverse consequences. This predicame...
Late decrease of pCREB in the Basolateral Amygdala by Social Interaction Reward
Background: The transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) has been shown to be activated by drugs of abuse in reward-related brain regions. However, the effects of natural reward on CREB activatio...