Heavy Metals: Lead, Cadmium and Nickel Polluting the Environment Versus Danger of Orthodontic Patients – Review of the Literature
Journal Title: Dental and Medical Problems - Year 2010, Vol 47, Issue 4
Abstract
Plumbism and cadmium poisoning are a combination of a symptom complex responsible for metal-intoxications. The express of allergy during treatment with fixed appliances usually results from nickel influence. Symptoms of nickel allergy, visible on oral mucosa, follow nickel-release during orthodontic treatment. Furthermore, additional factors, such as diet, nicotine, and individual sensibility may intensively promote contribution of heavy metals in the etiology of serious illness. Cadmium and lead intoxication symptoms are widely discussed in the literature. Cadmium and lead also influence the prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases. The aim of the study was to present the literature review concerning either oral environment (accumulated cadmium and lead reservoirs influencing health status of oral cavity) or expression of hypersensivity to nickel as the factors potentially endangering orthodontic patients treated with fixed appliances. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and nickel take part in chemical reactions simultaneously damaging functions of the organism. Subsequently, designation of accumulation of cadmium and lead in the oral cavity as well as observation symptoms of hypersensitivity to nickel may play a significant role in marking the level of environment contamination by heavy metals. Although individuals particularly endangered are those working with alloys and battery production, permanently increasing interest towards treatment of malocclusion makes orthodontic patients jeopardized as well, especially these surrounded by environment polluted with either lead or cadmium.
Authors and Affiliations
Joanna Antoszewska, Agnieszka Sieja, Michał Sarul
Keywords
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