Insulin hormone: Mechanism and effects on the body and relationship with central nervous system
Journal Title: Dicle Tıp Dergisi - Year 2012, Vol 39, Issue 2
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common and chronic disease all over the world. It is characterized with either insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone which is secreted by beta cells in the Langerhans Islets of pancreas and playing a role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation in association with glucagon. Regarding the insulin’s effects on carbohydrates, almost in all tissues (except brain) insulin increases the facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells and shows and an effect to reduce the blood glucose levels. In other words, it have regulator role on blood sugar level; insulin secretion is known to be associated with an increase in the amount of energy. Insulin secretion is related with increasing glucose level. It has been shown that it is closely related with intracellular enzymes and has a stimulating effect on transcription of glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructo kinase and fructose-2,6 biphosphatase that are glicolytic and an inhibitory effect on transcription of phosphophenolpyruvate carboxykinase that is gluconeogenetic. Besides being the primary regulator of carbohydrate metabolism, insulin also has an important effect on lipid and protein metabolisms that are interrelated with carbohydrate metabolism. For the basis of diabetes effects on Central Nervous system (CNS) two mechanisms are emphasized; first is the oxidative stress developed due to metabolic changes and the second is damages of calcium ion metabolism. In this review, it was intended to reach detailed information by reviewing insulin’s basic effect mechanism, its reflection on cellular level and its relationship with central nervous system.
Authors and Affiliations
Deniz Ünal, Adem Kara, Selina Aksak, B. Zuhal Altunkaynak, Serap Yıldırım
Keywords
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