Nanosrebro : zastosowanie, migracja i metody oznaczania
Journal Title: Wiadomości Chemiczne - Year 2015, Vol 69, Issue 9
Abstract
The rapid growth in the commercial application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) will certainly increase the exposure to these metals among humans and in the environment. Nano-size silver particles have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and therefore are incorporated into various materials, including medical textiles, which claim to prevent infection, as well as more common textiles, like anti-odour sportswear, underwear, socks and gloves. On the market there is also a variety of home consumer products claiming to contain nanosilver, for example disinfecting sprays (to disinfect hard surfaces, towels, sheets, and clothing), kitchen cutting boards, washing machines, refrigerators, dishwashers, pillows and mattresses, toothbrushes, toilet seats, water filters, and cosmetics. Nanosilver is added to food contact materials to preserve the packaged food for a particularly long period of time by inhibiting the growth of microbes. There is a number of in vitro studies showing cytotoxic effects and genotoxic DNA damaging capacity of AgNPs to a variety of mammalian cell types [24]. However, there are only a few in vivo studies on their genotoxicity. Likely routes of human exposure to released nanoparticles include inhalation, ingestion and dermal penetration. Evaluation of the health impact of AgNPs requires information on how readily and in what forms this substance can be released from the material. At present, the availability of such data is limited (Tab. 1). Size of metal-based nanoparticles is an important factor determining their physical and chemical properties as well as their bioavailability and toxicity. The methods used for the size characterisation of AgNPs in different matrices (consumer products, biological and environmental samples) (Tab. 2), as well as for speciation analysis of various forms of silver, namely AgNPs and silver ions, are reviewed in this paper. Off-line methods such as centrifugal ultrafiltration, (ultra)centrifugation, dialysis, and cloud point extraction are used in order to distinguish between nanoparticles and dissolved forms of silver. Field-flow fractionation (FFF) in different modes is used for nanoparticle size dependent separation [50]. Size-resolved AgNPs fractions are further characterised by on-line detectors, such as UV-Vis, ICP OES or ICP MS. ICP MS in single-particle detection mode is used for simultaneous determination of nanosilver and silver ions [38]. The application of capillary electrophoresis [40] and liquid chromatography [41, 42] for the separation of nano and ionic forms of silver is also discussed in this work.
Authors and Affiliations
Julita Malejko, Beata Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz
Keywords
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