Pain Assessment in Human Fetus and Infants
Journal Title: The AAPS Journal - Year 2012, Vol 14, Issue 3
Abstract
In humans, painful stimuli can arrive to the brain at 20–22 weeks of gestation. Therefore several researchers have devoted their efforts to study fetal analgesia during prenatal surgery, and during painful procedures in premature babies. Aim of this paper is to gather from scientific literature the available data on the signals that the human fetus and newborns produce, and that can be interpreted as signals of pain. Several signs can be interpreted as signals of pain. We will describe them in the text. In infants, these signs can be combined to create specific and sensible pain assessment tools, called pain scales, used to rate the level of pain.
Authors and Affiliations
Carlo Valerio Bellieni
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP681225
- DOI 10.1208/s12248-012-9354-5
- Views 77
- Downloads 0
Nanosystems for simultaneous imaging and drug delivery to T cells
The T-cell response defines the pathogenesis of many common chronic disease states, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and transplant rejection. Therefore, a diagnostic strategy that visualizes this response can p...
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the isoflavone biochanin A in rats
Biochanin A(BCA) is a dietary isoflavone present in legumes, most notably red clover, and in many herbal dietary supplements. BCA has been reported to have chemopreventive properties and is metabolized to the isoflavone...
Genotyping and drug response: Use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) versus haplotypes to predict albuterol efficacy
Ligand Binding Assays in the 21st Century Laboratory: Automation
Many manufacturers offer well-designed instrument-specific authentication built into the automated system software. Instrument-specific security often contains thorough system tracking and audit trail generation for ensu...
Microcalorimetric Method to Assess Phagocytosis: Macrophage-Nanoparticle Interactions
The online version of this article (doi:10.1208/s12248-010-9240-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.