Plasma Lipid Profile and Uric Acid in High Fat Fed Female Rats Treated with Oral Contraceptive
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2017, Vol 1, Issue 2
Abstract
A high fat diet is widely known in scientific consensus to be associated with abnormal lipid and uric acid metabolisms. The dose-related influence of Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC) in both human and animal models on blood lipid parameters is still controversial. Therefore the aim of the study is to investigate the effect of high fat diet (HFD) and two different doses of a COC on plasma lipid profile and uric acid in female wistar rats. Rats were divided into vehicle treated, high dose COC (HCOC, receiving 7.5μg Levonegestrel/1.5μg of estradiol), low dose COC, (LCOC receiving 1.5μg Levonegestrel/0.3μg of estradiol), High Fat (HF receiving 20%w/w of vegetable oil (turkey brand) supplemented feed), HF+HCOC (receiving both 7.5μg Levonegestrel/1.5μg estradiol and HFD) and HF+LCOC (receiving 1.5μg Levonegestrel/0.3μg of estradiol and HFD). Rats were given distilled water, HCOC, LCOC, HFD, HCOC+HF and LCOC+HF for 8 weeks. When compared with vehicle group, HCOC treatment led to a significant increase (P<0.05) in total cholesterol (TC). LCOC treatment also caused a significant rise (P<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid. Rats fed HFD showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) total cholesterol and Total/HDL-C ratio. HCOC+HF administration led to a significant elevation (P<0.05) of total cholesterol and Low density lipoprotein (LDL-C). LCOC+HF administration produced a significant increase in total cholesterol, LDL-C, Triglyceride/HDL-C ratio, Total/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and uric acid. In conclusion, combined oral contraceptive and high fat diet administrations resulted in an elevated total cholesterol and uric acid. The effect on Triglyceride/HDL-C, Total/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and uric acid was dependent on dose of the contraceptive, the effect on TC and LDL was not dose- dependent. Administrations of low dose of combined oral contraceptive and high fat diet may produce a greater cardiovascular risk than administration of high dose of combined oral contraceptive and high fat diet. Nutrition, one of the characteristics of all living organisms is also known as an important player in the aetiology of hyperlipidemia, [1,2], hyperuricemia [3] and atherosclerosis [4]. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density (LDL) and triglyceride (TG), lipid profile ratios such as Total/HDL, LDL/HDL, TG/HDL and uric acid are associated with cardiovascular diseases [5]. Higher concentrations of LDL, triglyceride, Total/HDL, LDL/HDL, TG/HDL and lower concentrations of functional HDL increase the risk of atherosclerosis. In human, hyperuricemia has been associated with metabolic syndrome components such as obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis. It is associated with dyslipidemia [5]. Different studies in both human and animal models have shown that the type and amount of fat are associated with change in levels, composition and metabolism of serum lipid and uric acid. For example, diets rich in saturated fatty acid have been shown to cause an increase in postprandial lipid level in human in comparison with polyunsaturated n-3 or n-6 fatty acid [6], diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acid has neutral effect on total cholesterol [7]. High fat and ketone infusion in the absence of fasting resulted in a competition between ketones and uric acid for a common tubular secretory site and a decrease in uric acid clearance [3]. Baker et al. [8] reported that serum uric acid was 5.6 and 10.8 times greater in obese and overweight subjects than non-obese subjects. Fatty acids are naturally occurring acid which are pharmacologically beneficial and even essential to health and in their absence symptoms develop. For instance, Linoleic acid is an essential unsaturated omega-6 necessary for eicosanoid synthesis [9,10]. Linolenic acid is another essential fatty unsaturated acid but of omega-3 type [10]. It reduced cardiac arrhythmias and mortality [11], improved aspects of muscular recovery and increased cell membrane fluidity [12]. Vegetable oils, products from oil bearing seeds are rich sources of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid (including trans- unsaturated fatty acid) and have been used to form high fat diets which have been reported to exert a profound effect on lipid profile. For example, consumption of a high fat diet from corn oil, butter or margarine in mice resulted in an elevated triglyceride whereas supplementation with soybean oil, palm oil, olive oil or sunflower produced a decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol [13]. Corn oil -rich diet resulted in a significant accumulation of hepatic unesterified fatty acid and decrease Diacyglycerolacyl transferase expression. Increased dietary fat intake raised systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, compromised endothelial mediated relaxation in hypertensive rats, elicits hypertensive response and induced perivascular fibrosis before development of overt obesity [14]. In Nigeria, turkey palm pure vegetable oil (popularly called turkey oil by Nigerians) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable oil. Although the label on the container indicated it is cholesterol free, chemical analysis using High Performance Chromatography by Okpuzor et al. [15] showed it contained 1.9mg/ ml of cholesterol. Several works have showed that cholesterol is the main cause of atherosclerotic lesions which are the major causes of coronary heart disease [16,17]. Furthermore, as far as amelioration of diet induced hyperlipidemia in animal model is concerned several chemical agents have been shown to produce positive lipid profile. For instance while vitamin A was shown to increase the level of high density lipoprotein [18], NO-188 demonstrated tendency to enlarge HDL particle size [19]. Also, folic acid and estrogen (in the form of 17B estradiol) respectively reduced high fat induced hypercholestolemia in rats due to their antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activity [20]. Although, estrogen is known to induce synthesis of nitric oxide which may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, it is unclear whether it is responsible for the cardioprotective activity in premenopausal women. Oral contraceptive pills are hormonal agents that provide an effective means of birth control. They are of different types and compositions. One type of oral contraceptive pill is Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC). Combined Oral n increased risk of both arterial and venous thrombosis [21].
Authors and Affiliations
Adeniyi Mayowa Jeremiah, AO Soladoye
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP569378
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000238
- Views 196
- Downloads 0
Thermal Analysis on Acrylic Based Denture Materials
Acrylic is a polymer material made of poly methyal acrylate used as polymer electrolytes, complex polymer preparation and dental base material for fixation. Acylic Polymeric materials reinforced with ceramic compositions...
Advanced Abdominal Pregnancy with Retained Placenta and Methotrexate-Induced Severe Bone Marrow Suppression: A Case Report
placenta remains in situ after laparotomy this may result in fetal complications. We report a case of advanced abdominal pregnancy with live fetus salvaged by laparotomy with the whole placenta retained. The patient was...
Recent Advances in Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): A Review
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess excellent physical and mechanical properties. The filler reinforcement into the metallic matrix improves the stiffness, specific strength, wear, creep and fatigue properties compare...
Switching from Allopurinol to Febuxostat: A Comparison of The Rate of Renal Functional Decline in Patients With Moderate and Severe Chronic Kidney Disease
Allopurinol has been widely used as a urate-lowering agent in the treatment of hyperuricemia. However, patients with renal impairment require dose reduction according to their renal function. On the other hand, strict do...
Actinomycetes as Tools for Biotransformations of Lignans
The current demands for novel and sustainable biotechnological processes, including new microbial enzymes with industrial potential are constantly required. As a form to address the growing need for industrially relevant...