Prenatal changes of the fetus and the placenta development induced by tobacco smoking
Journal Title: Ginekologia i Położnictwo medical project - Year 2015, Vol 1, Issue 35
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is so widespread that the most of the developing fetuses are under influence of the factors presented in the smoke but there are no well defined markers estimating this danger. Thus the aim of this study is to point possibilities of the tobacco smoking influence measurements concerning the fetus and the placenta changes during the prenatal period. The ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies documented that active and passive smoking of the pregnant women retards the fetal growth. This intrauterine growth retardation is the result of the slower growth rate of the limbs bones and the skull and also the lower volume of some organs e.g. brain, kidneys. Observed the higher blood flow in the fetal middle cerebral artery and lower in the uterine and umbilical arteries could reflect the brain protection. The tobacco smoke-induced structural changes of the placenta as increase of the villous endothelium thickness, increase of the collagen content in the stroma of the villi and lower number of blood vessels are recognizable at the end of the first trimester. The villi of the smoker’s placenta have less microvilli, local necrosis of the syncytiotrophoblast appears, pinocytosis decreases, the villi are less branched. These placental structural changes decrease the weight of placenta, influence the effectiveness of the substrates exchange through the placental barrier, increase the risk of the placental abruption that among smokers is much higher than among nonsmoking women. The analysis of the tobacco smoke elements (e.g. cotinine, heavy metals: cadmium, lead) in the meconium and in the umbilical blood give us possibility to estimate the content of the cytotoxic factors influencing the fetus and the placenta.
Authors and Affiliations
Małgorzata Wachulska, Aneta Skoniecka, Agata Tymińska, Mirosława Cichorek
Keywords
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