Protrusive and retractive structures formed during cell migration
Journal Title: Advances in Hygiene and Experimental Medicine - Year 2018, Vol 72, Issue
Abstract
Cell migration is essential to many physiological processes; however, it is also a cause of cancer metastasis formation and other pathological phenomena. Due to structural and functional variety of cells, a variety of structures formed by the cell membrane, which are designed to initiate or maintain cell movement, are observed. The work describes 12 such structures: lamellipodium, lamellum, filopodium, microspikes, blebs, lobopodium, invadopodium, podosomes, dorsal and peripheral ruffles, pseudopodium and uropodium. We described a characteristics of the structure, mechanism of its formation and occurrence. The key structural protein of almost all of these structures is actin, its polymerization pushes the cell membrane in the direction of movement. Formation of a specific protrusion depends on the actin binding proteins which regulate the process of G actin association to the filaments. For example, Arp2/3 determines the formation of branched filaments, which results in the formation of wide, flat lamellipodium, and fascin enables the formation of long bundles, which results in filopodia formation. On the other hand, there is also an actin-independent way of movement, called amoeboid, in which myosin plays a central role and on the cell surface appear vesicular structures called blebs. Some structures are associated with proteolytic activity, particularly invadopodia and podosomes, through which the cells can degrade extracellular matrix and penetrate deeper into the tissues. These structures not only allow the extension of the cell body to enable migration, but they can also be involved in the environment perception, serve as mechanosensors and interact with other cells. The control of the formation of protrusive structures is of great importance in oncology, immunology and cardiovascular medicine.<br/><br/>
Authors and Affiliations
Aleksandra Kuzan, Olga Michel
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP346339
- DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.0536
- Views 158
- Downloads 0
Okołoporodowe źródła komórek macierzystych
Komórki macierzyste są jednym z odkryć medycyny i biologii wywołującym tyle samo nadziei w terapii, co kontrowersji natury etycznej i medycznej. Badania nad nimi zapoczątkowane już na początku XX w. wciąż dostarczają cor...
Immunoregulatory role of B lymphocytes in alloresponse to kidney transplant
B cells are a group of diverse phenotype and function subsets, which can both stimulate and inhibit the immune response to an allograft. They participate in the rejection process by influencing differentiation, prolifera...
The influence of air pollution on human reproduction
Air pollution is the main reason for global environmental hazards and human population. It is caused by different chemical compounds emitted by industry, vehicles and households. When inhaled with air, such substances ge...
Bakterie probiotyczne w przewodzie pokarmowym człowieka jako czynnik stymulujący układ odpornościowy*
Mikroflora bakteryjna układu pokarmowego człowieka uczestniczy w utrzymaniu ochrony organizmu przed antygenami i patogenami dostającymi się drogą pokarmową. Opisano wpływ mikroflory na układ odpornościowy związany z błon...
Wybrane aspekty zakażeń Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile jest przyczyną jednego z najczęstszych zakażeń szpitalnych, czyli biegunki poantybiotykowej, która może się rozwinąć w rzekomobłoniaste zapalenie jelit i rozdęcie okrężnicy, co w wielu przypadkach p...