Warsaw A–E scale of endoscopic pharyngo-laryngeal findings associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Correlation with reflux finding score (RFS)

Introduction: Changes associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are usually related to the posterior part of the larynx and called ‘‘posterior laryngitis’’. Pathologic reflux induced mucosal changes within the laryn...

Subglottic stenosis in Wegener’s granulomatosis – a diagnostic and therapeutic problem

Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) is a disease caused by necrotising vasculitis of small and middle blood vessels of upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys of unknown etiology. ENT symptoms develop in more than 90% of...

The evaluation of the effectiveness of electrical stimulation and kinesitherapy in patients with severe tinnitus

The stapedius muscle – the present opinions about anatomy and physiology

The authors present current opinions about anatomy and physiology of the stapedius muscle and its role of the hearing process. The stapedius muscle is the smallest striped muscle of the human body and contracts reflexive...

Hearing organ function in children with nephrotic syndrome in the course of primary glomerulopathy

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is connected with an increase of glomeral permeability. It generates numerous, reversible electrolic and biochemical disturbances. The aim of the work was complex evaluation of hearing organ in ch...