Risk Factors for Urothelial Cancers
Journal Title: Üroonkoloji Bülteni - Year 2016, Vol 15, Issue 4
Abstract
Urothelial cancers affect renal pelvis and ureters in the upper urinary tract, however they affect bladder and urethra in the lower urinary tract. The rate of the urothelial carcinoma makes up 3% pf cancers in the world. Although urothelial cancer locations and frequencies show difference, their etiology are similar. Environmental factors are responsible for most urothelial cancer cases. Major risk factors are smoking and chemical carcinogens. Other important factors include radiotherapy, alcohol, coffee consumption, artificial sweeteners, arsenic exposure, schistomiasis, cronical cystitis, urolithiasis, analgesics, cyclophosphamide and genetic predisposition. Identification of these factors and avoiding them are important for the prevention of the disease. The evaluation and follow up of the whole urothelium is critical since the urothelial cancers are a kind of panurethelial diseases.
Authors and Affiliations
Ümit Gül, Barış Kuzgunbay
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP228359
- DOI 10.4274/uob.554
- Views 120
- Downloads 0
Mycobacterium Brumae Extract Fractions with Potential Immunotherapeutic Activity for Bladder Cancer
Objective: Immunotherapy with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) application is a gold standard treatment for high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), despite its local and systemic side effects. We...
Targeted Agents and Resistance Mechanism in Renal Cell Cancer
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exhibits multidrug resistance protein P-glycoprotein expression due to the proximal tubular origin and in this regard, it is resistant to a large number of cytotoxic chemotherapy. The identific...
Ablation Therapies in Small Renal Masses
Small renal masses are defined as renal neoplasms with the largest diameter less than 4 cm and the incidence of renal malignancies is increased with the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging methods. One of the optio...
Risk Adaptive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive tumor with a high rate of early systemic dissemination. The main treatment for MIBC is still radical cystectomy and lymph node dissection. Survival rates for 5-year...
Evaluation of Role of Inflammatory Markers for the Prediction of Recurrence on Pathologic T1a Clear Cell Renal Cell Cancer Patients
Objective: To evaluate the role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and procalcitonin levels in the prediction of tumor recurrence in stage T1aN0M0 clear cell renal cell ca...