The Scientific Validity of Adverse Events from Schedule of Controlled Substances: C= 100-1/2n
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 7, Issue 4
Abstract
This study provides biological, epidemiological, clinical and mathematical evidence to suggest with % 99.994 certainty that “Schedule of controlled substances“has adverse effects expressed as an equation C=100- 1/2n (with “C “ representing certainty and “n “ as the number of supporting evidence). This observation Is consistent with mathematical principals and with the butterfly effect of sensitive dependence of complex systems on initial minor errors. SCS adverse effects include creation of barriers to appropriate treatment and research of chronic pain, addictions and psychiatric disorders, reducing the number of potential medical discoveries, contribution to Inappropriate therapeutic interventions for people with chronic pain addictions and psychiatric disorders, contribution to premature death by barriers to appropriate treatment of chronic pain, addictions and psychiatric disorders. Introduction The controlled substances act of 1970 established a system by which substances with abuse potential are classified into 5 different schedules [1] (Table 1). Schedule one substances are considered to have no medicinal value. Substances listed under schedule two to five available for medical use with a prescription from a medical professional registered with the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and has a valid license to prescribe controlled substances [1]. Approximately 40% of the American population or Americans with chronic pain, addictions and psychiatric disorders depend on treatments strongly regulated by laws and regulations rooted in the validity of the schedule of controlled substances [1-5]. Although it has been recognized that SCS lacks scientific validity no studies have investigated potential adverse effects of SCS. SCS does not have a scientifically valid inclusion or exclusion criteria, does not indicate why alcohol and tobacco are excluded [1,2]. SCS is dismissive of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and biological markers such as half-life elimination time, latency, euphoric potency. Examples include Inclusion of marijuana and cocaine in class one [1,2]. SCS is dismissive of route of administration (by mouth, skin, air, intramuscular or intravenous injection). For instance, methylphenidate oral tablets are fundamentally different than methylphenidate slow release tablets which have potentially no overuse or addictive potency [1,2]. Absence of consideration of risk versus benefits is transparent in the inclusion of marijuana in schedule 1 despite its documented therapeutic benefits [1,2]. Diverse biological epidemiological and clinical evidence suggest untreated chronic pain, treatment refractory depression, substance addictions are associated with premature death [1- 8]. There’s also compelling neuro imaging evidence of brain degeneration and atrophy caused by chronic pain [6]. Some studies suggest a strikingly high mortality associated with discontinuation of opiates among patients with heroin addiction [7-11]. This study investigated potential adverse effects of SCS on chronic pain.
Authors and Affiliations
Alen J Salerian
Keywords
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- EP ID EP592912
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.07.001528
- Views 194
- Downloads 0
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