THERMAL PLASMA FOR MATERIAL ENGINEERING
Journal Title: Proceedings of Electrotechnical Institute Prace Instytutu Elektrotechniki - Year 2012, Vol 59, Issue 259
Abstract
Thermal plasma in the state of LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) or near LTE (in a reduced pressure) can be an efficient medium for breaking bonds of unwanted molecular chains. It can be used for gas and fluid waste destruction and solid waste conversion into valuable materials or products. In this paper there are presented some plasma reactors with cylindrical and divergent channels that have been designed for the laboratory processing. The arc was magnetically driven between electrodes, which resulted in fast LTE plasma expansion and a thermal tail formation being in the near LTE state. These plasma reactors have been successfully used for thermal destruction of chlorinated wastes. A furnace with the arc-plasma immersed in the feed charge has been elaborated for solid waste treatment purposes. The theory of utilization of materials by electric arc has been verified in experimental tests presenting some valuable end-products such as ceramic and insulation tails. Proposed solutions are directed towards zero emission of any hazardous residuals. The final material obtained after the plasma treatment is environmentally safe. It can return to the environment as a useful product. This approach has been widely studied in the EU Project with the acronym WASTILE. The aim of the project was to treat with plasma a composite waste consisting of hazardous waste ash and of toxic chemicals, to produce near-to-net shape building materials. Successful laboratory tests were done; technology demonstrating system has been designed and built. Final products such as ceramic tiles or industrial porous refractory shaped materials were demonstrated to the European Commission Research DG. Another application of near LTE plasma is presented for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesis. CNTs deposited on various substrates are urgently required for many technological applications such as electron emitters, supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, photovoltaic cells, etc. One of the main challenges to obtain the optimal product properties is a continuous and uniform dispersion of product on a moving substrate. In this paper the experimental set-up consisted of CVD furnace hybridized with plasma generator equipped with catalyst precursor and carbon containing gas feed systems is presented. Carbon radicals and metal catalyst uniform mixture were treated in the temperature around 1000°C. It have been found good results of segregation amorphous carbon as permanent magnet were used in the CNTs dry collector which followed by wet collector for zero contamination of the exhaust gas with carbon particles. The growth of CNTs is sensitive to the temperature distribution in the CVD line. Our furnace of the length of 1 meter and 50 mm of internal diameter was divided into three sections of separately controlled temperature. This allowed to keep the quartz tube in the bests temperature ranged from 800°C to 1200°C minimizing the cooling effect of both ends of the furnace. The paper also describes a CNT’s synthesis microwave plasma method that is not being hybridized with a CVD furnace. It allows producing CNT’s in the powder form or making deposits on substrates such as silica, metals and on refractory insulators. This can be applied to energy storage supercapacitors or electronic devices as heat sinks. Conditions required for CNT’s synthesis in microwave plasma are specified. Also the process parameters and plasma jet temperature measurements are presented. To determine the operation parameters effective for the synthesis of CNTs a characterization of the product by means of electron microscopy (STM and SEM) and Raman spectroscopy has been performed.
Authors and Affiliations
Zbigniew KOŁACINSKI, Łukasz SZYMAŃSKI, Grzegorz RANISZEWSKI
Keywords
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