CAFFEINE USE BY POLISH ATHLETES BEFOR AND AFTER REMOVAL OF CAFFEINE FROM THE DOPIN LIST
Journal Title: Medycyna Sportowa - Year 2007, Vol 23, Issue 6
Abstract
[b]Background.[/b] Considering pharmacological properties i. e. stimulation of central nervous system improving mood, cognition functions, and consequently enhancement of psycho-physical possibilities over their basal levels, usage of caffeine among competitive athletes was limited by anti-doping rule for a long time. Till 2003 maximal accepted limit of the concentration in athlete urine sampled during an official anti-doping control amounted 12 µg/ml. From 2004 urinary caffeine level is no limited. Caffeine, after its orally administration is absorbed, next metabolised, but small part of ingested dose is eliminated with urine as unchanged form. Assuming the fact, that urinary levels depend in part on renal function and individual metabolic clearance rate, but mainly on oral dose, hence, one may take into consider urinary caffeine level as a marker of its consumption. This study was undertaken to verify the hypothesis, whether removal of this stimulant from anti-doping list will result in rise of mean levels in urine. If yes, that would be evidence of its higher consumption by athletes. The results of urinalyses recorded among Polish athletes in 2003 were compared to those in 2004 with respect to total number samples, as well in relation to gender, and to situation of anti-doping controls carried out on competition and out of competition.[b]Material and methods.[/b] Total number of assessed urine samples amounted 1200 (females n=375, males 825) and 1565 (females n=472, males 1093) in 2003 and 2004 respectively. In the both periods distribution of anti-doping controls as regards to situation were very similar with higher frequency of the controls performed on competitions then out of it (57.6 vs. 42.4%).[b]Results.[/b] For total number of urine samples the mean level of urinary caffeine was significantly higher (p<0.001) in 2004 (1.28±1.83 µg/ml) compared with that in 2003 (1.05±1.49 µg/ml). The same significant increase of mean urinary caffeine level was noted in 2004 for doping controls performed in competitions (1.56±2.04 vs. 1.24±1.59 µg/ml). Mean levels urinary caffeine observed out of competition were always lower than during competition (p<0.001). Generally females exhibited higher levels of caffeine in urine then males did.[b]Conclusions.[/b] Challenge or stressful event, including competition stress, may increase demand on usage of condiments or drugs. Usage of these substances is higher if they are not banned.
Authors and Affiliations
Andrzej Pokrywka, Zbigniew Obmiński, Danuta Stańczyk, Dorota Kwiatkowska, Ryszard Grucza
Keywords
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