New Radiopharmaceuticals and Preclinical Imaging
Journal Title: Nükleer Tıp Seminerleri - Year 2019, Vol 5, Issue 1
Abstract
Advances in the field of nuclear medicine are concerned with the development of specific diagnosis and treatment radiopharmaceuticals. The success of molecular imaging and treatment depends on the selective accumulation of the diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceutical in the region of interest. A great deal of effort has been made to increase the specificity of targeted radiotracers in both preclinical and clinical trials. There is no major difference between the new radiopharmaceutical development process and a new drug development process in terms of regulations. However, it requires regulations on radioactivity. Requirements for drug development are also necessary for radiopharmaceuticals: discovery and preclinical biological activity demonstration, chemical synthesis feasibility, toxicology studies, Phase I, II and III clinical trials. However, the presence of the radioactive element requires some steps to be changed and accelerated. The drug development process is concerned with the connections between discovery, development, Food and Drug Administration review, and marketing approval and post-marketing safety surveillance of an approved drug, ensuring its safety and effectiveness. Comprehensive preclinical tests are carried out in animal models to prove the human drug use in the future. Several factors should be considered to select a radiopharmaceutical for a particular biological target or disease or to develop a new radiopharmaceutical. First, the choice of radionuclides: as each biological or disease process is different, the half-life and degradation of the radionuclide to be selected are important. The second factor is the metabolism of the radio-labeled compound with respect to the specificity of each biological or disease target. Therefore, for each radiopharmaceutical, after the synthesis, quality control procedures including physicochemical, radiochemical or biological tests are carried out. In order to better understand the properties of radiopharmaceuticals, including chemical, physical and biological properties, preclinical imaging of targeted molecules for biological or disease processes is performed. Combined such as micro single photon emission computerized tomography/computerized tomography (CT), micro positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and microPET/magnetic resonance imaging are used for preclinical imaging in mice and rats for anatomic and molecular information. In recent years, the development of radiopharmaceuticals has been increasing in nuclear imaging and treatment. Perhaps the hottest subject in molecular imaging is theranostics, such as Ga-68 and Lu-177 DOTATATE/prostate-specific membrane antigen, a combination of diagnosis and treatment.
Authors and Affiliations
Türkan Ertay
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP549611
- DOI 10.4274/nts.galenos.2019.0001
- Views 109
- Downloads 0
Experimental Animal Models for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most lethal type of cancer after initial diagnosis. Clinically more suitable systems are needed for examination of both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer biology and for characteriz...
Sentinel Lymph Node Scintigraphy and Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancers
Cervical lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic parameter in head and neck cancers. Most head and neck tumors have occult metastases rates exceeding 15-20%, and elective treatment of the neck is ge...
The Radiation Safety Process for Non-Radiation Workers in Case of Death of Radionuclide Therapy Patient
The increased use of radionuclides such as I-131, Sr-89, Y-90, Sm-153, Ra-223 in the treatment of benign and malignant diseases may also increase the probability of radioactive corpse contact if the patient dies in the h...
Sentinel Lymph Node Procedures in Gynecological Malignancies
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping procedures have been used for many years in malignancies like breast carcinoma and malignant melanoma. For two decades, there has been an effort to use these procedures in gynecological...
Radioembolization in the Treatment of Metastatic Liver Cancer
Transarterial radioembolization is an important alternative for treatment of primary liver tumors and metastatic liver disease. While initial indication of radioembolization was the last step in unresectable tumors refra...