Pain Related to External Injury and Disorders Associated with Psychosocial Factors
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 10, Issue 2
Abstract
In many sports, there are cases in which psychosocial factors are involved in the onset and persistence of lower back and lower limb pain. For example, the diagnostic guidelines for chronic pain and lumbar disc herniation state that psychological disorders are associated with the prognosis of these conditions [1]. Onset of chronic pain is especially difficult to manage as various stress factors, in addition to the physiological factors, complicate the condition. Various reports have described anxiety or depression, antisocial behavior, and social anxiety disorders in animal models, and a novel report has suggested the possibility of psychological factors intensifying radicular pain arising from intervertebral disc herniation [2-5]. However, in actual sporting activities, it is difficult to assess whether psychological factors are the cause of pain or if the experience of pain leads to the development of anxiety and depression. Pain like this consists of both sensory and emotional aspects, as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain [1]. This resembles the emotional mechanism of whether one cries because one is sad or whether one becomes sad because one cries. While in some cases psychological conditions improve in tandem with postoperative recovery, some athletes show little improvement in psychological condition.There are two types of pain that should be understood: acute pain and chronic pain. Acute pain has a specific physiological cause such as an external injury or inflammation, the site and degree of which can be easily determined. Chronic pain, by contrast, is defined as any pain that persists for longer than the normal recovery process for an acute condition or the reasonable time for a wound to heal [6] and is regarded as prolonged recursive pain. The pain is not localized but found across the body and it is difficult to specify the site or exact cause or to provide a medical explanation. Chronic pain also negatively impacts homeostasis and disrupts the balance of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and immune system. Therefore, malaise such as insomnia also increases, making it difficult to handle the pain. In sports, prolonged and unmanageable pain can be a stressor that adversely impacts athletes both psychologically and physiologically, often leading to the onset of chronic disorders, creating a negative cycle of pain and accumulation of stress (Table 1).
Authors and Affiliations
Kanaka Yatabe, Ryota Muroi, Takanori Kumai, Takashi Kotani, Toshio Kumai, Hiroto Fujiya
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP591878
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.10.001924
- Views 176
- Downloads 0
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