Соціально-економічна та політична криза в Польщі 1970 року
Journal Title: Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія - Year 2016, Vol 1, Issue
Abstract
The article is devoted to a social, economic and political crisis in Poland (1790), which caused a change of political authority. In December, because of riots, Edward Giereck took the place of Wladyslaw Gomulka, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers Party. The responsibility for the state, was taken by a new generation of politicians with economic categories thinking, which was formed after 1956. The beginning of the crisis was caused by riots in spring summer 1968, when active, youth (47,8% in the age of 27,5) came out against anti-Semitic policy of state authority, especially the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers Party Wladyslaw Gomulka and others. After these events in 1968, life returned to the old «Gomulkas standards». After eruption of dissatisfaction in spring summer 1968, protest seemed to have a lasting impact on society. Nevertheless, in spring 1969, the authority of the state began the reprisals against illegal organizations youth organization «Movement», groups connected with the Parisian «culture» and other. Only few people knew about the existence of these organizations, their impact on society was minimal. However, they demonstrated an uncommon level of political consciousness and threatened not so much a particular government, but a system in general. Intelligentsia was the first who felt all the problems, the second was academic youth and finally, in December 1970 «highly industrial work class», so called workers. The premises of future crisis appeared in 1957 and the genesis of social and political events of 1970 appeared because of ignoring of economic reforms in the second part of the 50s. According to many scientists the period of 1956 1960, in general, was considered to be successful for Polish economics. Salary increased, agriculture and industry plan was overdone. Optimism began to disappear in 1961 1965. Negative tendencies were growing during the second part of the 60s. 1968 1970 were the years of deep social pessimism and disappointment. These years were characterized as the years of economic and political decay, anti-Semitic and antiintelligentsia campaign, emigration wave etc. These years were called the years of «selective socialism». In the late 1960s, ideological transformations in the Polish United Workers Party took place. Communists refused from Marxism as a leading ideology of the party. The government in its most extreme forms seized nationalism. Because of economic and social crisis increasing, the activity of different political groups in the party leadership was activated. Alternative candidates for the post of the First Secretary were more often discussed on the Fifth Summit. «Silesian group», which was founded by Edward Giereck, stood out this case. Some party circles of intelligentsia, united around periodical «Politics», encouraging this group. Intensification of agricultural policy in province, led by E. Giereck, was in the list of their plans. E. Giereck was a comfortable figure for the Soviet leadership, because many problems were solved in a difficult way for the USSR. Leonid Brezhnev with the change of senior leadership of the Polish United Workers Party looked for elimination of contradictions between the USSR and Poland. W. Gomulka did not have such a possibility to implement collectivization in agriculture, which was a cornerstone of the system. The late 70s were the end of the «small de-Stalinization» period, named by M. Zaremba. The explosion was only a matter of time. In 1970, economic, political, social crises were closely intertwined. If it had not happened, no political force would have raised workers in mass strikes and demonstrations. Neither provocateurs nor inspirer, as written in Soviet historical studies could not awaken such a large social protest, which shook Poland in December 1970. The post of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers Party was taken by Edward Gierek.
Authors and Affiliations
Lesya Shvab
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