Фільтраційні табори для радянських репатріантів на території України після Другої світової війни
Journal Title: Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія - Year 2016, Vol 1, Issue
Abstract
The article examines the reasons for the establishment and operation features of filtration camps on the Ukrainian territory of the USSR, created to address one of the main tasks of post-war reconstruction of the USSR to provide a required amount of cheap labor. According to the Office of the Commissioner of the Council of Peoples Commissars (Council of Ministers) of the USSR for repatriation established in October 1944, outside the Soviet Union at that time it was about 5 million Soviet citizens, of which more than 3 million, located in the zone of influence of the Allies and 2 million in the zone of influence of the USSR. In addition, about 1700000 POWs survived. The Soviet leadership was keenly interested in the return of all displaced persons, without exception, in addition, in the Soviet Union and the West were radically opposing views on human rights and freedom of choice of citizenship. Therefore priority camps established institutions of the Soviet Union a political filtering and statistics on persons who have been a long time abroad. Feel the boundless arbitrariness of the Soviet system the persons who during the occupation took German citizenship, the so-called Volksdeutsche and the families of those who collaborated with the occupation authorities or simply in the service in the German institutions, immigrants from Poland and returnees from France, prisoners of war, prisoners of German concentration camps (interned), and people who were forcibly taken to Germany to work (Ostarbeiter). The problem of repatriation and filtering of persons in 1944-1951, which in recent years have increasingly noticeable in the category of national historical research on World War II in the Soviet historical science does not actually studied and was quite painful and transformed into the problem of second exile. In turn, one of the first began its study foreign historians. Their focus is coercive methods of repatriation in the USSR former Soviet citizens. In Soviet historiography the theme of repatriation was not relevant at all, and compulsion qualifies as a humanitarian crime. The main idea of the article is to analyze the features of activity filtration camps on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and the specifics of the filtering procedure for various categories of citizens and to the last government. Despite the conviction of Soviet government of willing and exciting epic return to the Soviet Union millions of people, the power of imprisoned foreign invaders repatriation was totally compulsory character that few formalized at the international level as a result of agreements between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the Yalta meeting in February 1945. Later, these agreements have been secured between the Allies in the Crimea and Potsdam international agreements in 1945. Under the decision of SNK of the USSR and the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on August 31, 1944 under the government of the USSR it established a department for the repatriation of Soviet citizens. Directly on the demarcation lines of allied forces in Germany and Austria to exchange displaced allies it organized nine transceivers camps. In general, infrastructure repatriation camp consisted of 127 frontline army and 57 transit camps. In the border area of Ukraine acted Lviv (consists of six camps), Rava- Russian, Kowalski (consisted of two camps), Samborski, Kolomyjsky prefabricated camps, which were organized in accordance with the special decision on June 16, 1945. In general, in Ukraine operated 17 readyborder-Union transit camps. The bulk of the immigrants was filtered and tested in these camps. Terms of residence in them were sophisticated and very sad. The process of checking and filtering took place a long time with pressure on displaced persons. So, if the objectives of the camps set up in the Western occupation zones were an organization address issues related to the further fate of persons subject to repatriation, medical and material assistance to the victims of Nazism, before such institutions of the Soviet Union was the primary goal political filtering and statistics on persons which were for a long time abroad. Soviet repatriation system was designed and operated primarily for the benefit of the state. Through the repatriation of their nationals in the final stages of the war and after its end, the Soviet Union, despite attempts to make this process of organized and planned nature; exercise actually poorly organized and inadequately secured movement of people, subjecting them to degrading and lengthy inspections by holding immigrants on the camps. Returnees (former Ostarbeiter and prisoners of war) for an indefinite period were in-depth and comprehensive control of the authorities. While interviewing some of the repatriated were accused of collaboration with invaders and herded into concentration camps in the remote areas of the USSR. Those immigrants, who have been filtered, received the certificate of the direction of the permanent residence marked can not serve. Immigrants who did not survive the test procedures, filtration repatriation commissions, in the best case were sent to live and work in places distant from their families, in the heavy physical work, without taking into account their qualifications and desires. The greatest number of immigrants was settled in the industrial areas of eastern Ukraine (Donetsk (Stalin), Luhansk (Voroshilovgrad), Dnipropetrovsk region). In general, the results of numerous tests, only 58% went to the previous place of residence. Some were immediately mobilized to the Red army or labor battalions. But there they were under the constant supervision of the relevant authorities. Yes, we can see and feel all the pain and dishonesty of the filtering process, which took place in the Soviet Union after World War II. The soldiers heroically defended their country from invaders, the sick and wounded, returned home, put on a par with criminals and had practiced his «guilt» (for being captured) in the labor camps of the Soviet Union.
Authors and Affiliations
Oleksandr Udot
Keywords
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