INTERPRETATIO У ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ РИМСЬКИХ ЮРИСТІВ INTERPRETATIO IN THE ACTIVITY OF ROMAN LAWYERS
Journal Title: Вiсник Львівського Університету, Серія юридична - Year 2016, Vol 63, Issue
Abstract
Визначено особливості процесу становлення interpretatio у правозастосовчій практиці римських юристів на кожному з етапів розвитку римського права. Якщо інтерпретаційна діяльність понтифіків в архаїчний період полягала у розробленні формул позовів, за допомогою яких відбувався захист матеріального права, що містилося у нормах Закону XII Таблиць (interpretatio declarative), а світські юристи докласичного періоду, заповнюючи прогалини, поширювали дію норм діючого права на відносини прямо законом не перед- бачені (interpretatio extensivа), то у класичний період юристи, застосовуючи аналогію й опосередковано, фікцію, вільно інтерпретували норми закону, іноді надаючи їм іншого значення (interpretatio abrogans). У цей період, через ius respondendi, юристи одержали право робити офіційну юридичну інтерпретацію, тобто, легальне тлумачення норм закону. Іnterpretatio римських юристів як їх інтелектуальна діяльність, спрямована на встановлення змісту норм права, ґрунтувалася на таких важливих джерелах – принципах, як aequitas та ius naturalе. In the article peculiarities of the process of establishing interpretatio in law-applying practice of Roman lawyers are determined. Under the analysis of specialized literature it has been revealed that questions about the activity of Roman lawyers were examined by Ukrainian, as well as foreign authors, predominantly as a source of law. In our research interpretatio is perceived as an intellectual activity of Roman lawyers aimed at establishing the essence of legal norms that became one of the factors, which influenced the formation of flexible and able to respond to social and economic conditions legal system of Ancient Rome. Roman lawyers performed this activity employing perfect legal technique, taking into account objective points and the idea that relations that can have legal meaning have to (and can) be regulated using means available in the given legal system. During the archaic period the interpretative activity of pontifices consisted in developing forms of lawsuits, with the help of which defence in the field of action of substantive law was performed. In other words, Roman lawyers searched for the correct construction for particular legal relations in the norms of the Law of the Twelve Tables. During the preclassical period society lawyers paid more attention to the sense and the assignment of a law, now interpreting the norms not literally but contextually, in other words, applying an extended interpretation. In due course more and more frequently cases began to happen, when for the regulation of legal relations in practice words were given a completely different sense. Lawyers of the classical period fluently interpreted legal norms using analogy; circumstantially they also used legal fiction. During the postclassical period lawyers’ interpretative activity consisted in commenting in margins or between lines; and on becoming a prerogative right of the emperor interpretatio ceased serving the development of the legal system of Ancient Rome. After the decay of the Roman Empire the method of interpreting Roman law for educational purposes or for the needs of practice was applied by Lombard Jurisprudence, cannon law, schools of glossators and commentators, French theoretical school and the school of German practitioners. These interpretations of Roman law took place in different countries and at different times, with different purposes, basic approaches, and consequently, with different results. Subsequently, in the process of reception the law created by Roman lawyers repeatedly underwent interpretation, alteration, even distortion. Therefore, further development of researches would have to take place in the direction of reproducing the law created by the lawyers of Ancient Rome.
Authors and Affiliations
Hanna Fedushchak-Paslavska
Keywords
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